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For the former Canadian politician see Neil Young (politician)

Neil Young with guitar (from the 1991 Weld tour)Neil Percival Kenneth Robert Ragland Young, better known as Neil Young (born November 12, 1945) is a Canadian singer-songwriter who has become one of the most respected and influential musicians of his generation.

Young came to prominence with folk rock band Buffalo Springfield in the mid-1960s. He reached his commercial peak during the singer-songwriter boom of the early 1970s with the albums After the Gold Rush and Harvest and his role in the supergroup Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young. He has since fiercely refused commercial stardom, which has led him to create both durable, uncompromising music and outlandish experiments that have left critics, audiences and—in one notable case—his record label baffled.

Despite a lack of consistency, though some will say just because of it, Young is a widely influential and acclaimed performer. He has been inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2000, the cable music channel VH1 listed The Top 100 Artists of Rock and Roll, ranking Young as number 30. He was also ranked number 30 on VH1's list of Top 100 Hard Rock Artists.

Under the pseudonym Bernard Shakey, Young has directed four films, the documentary Journey Through the Past (1973) the concert film Rust Never Sleeps (1979) the fictional Human Highway (1982) and Greendale (2003). He is also an outspoken advocate for environmental issues and small farmers, and co-founded the benefit concert Farm Aid.

Early years
Young was born in Toronto; his father was sportswriter and novelist Scott Young and his mother Rassy Young. Having first played in high school instrumental rock bands in Winnipeg (one of whom, the Squires, had a local hit with "The Sultan") he began to work the folk clubs of Toronto, where he befriended guitarist Stephen Stills.

Before fame, Young spent a summer in Thunder Bay, Ontario, playing at local clubs and gigs.

In 1966, after an aborted record deal (on the Motown label) with the Rick James-fronted Mynah Birds, Young and bass player Bruce Palmer relocated to Los Angeles, where he again met Stills. With the American Richie Furay, they formed Buffalo Springfield, taking their name from a manufacturer of heavy equipment such as steamrollers. Playing a mixture of folk, country, psychedelia, and rock; and given a hard edge by the twin lead guitars of Stills and Young, Buffalo Springfield was a critical success, and the first record Buffalo Springfield (1967) sold well, supported by a hit single in Stills' political "For What It's Worth."

During sessions for the follow-up, relations between the band deteriorated, with Stills and Young, the de facto leaders of the group, pulling in opposite directions. The tensions led to the abandonment of the record, provisionally titled Stampede, although some of the songs reappeared on Buffalo Springfield Again (1967). By then, Palmer had been arrested for possession of drugs and deported back to Canada, and Young had all but left the group; his compositions "Mr Soul", "Expecting to Fly", and the adventurous "Broken Arrow" are solo recordings in all but name. Despite that, the album was well received.

These three songs on Buffalo Springfield Again can be seen as a model for Young's solo records. "Expecting to Fly" was a piece of confessional folk rock, of a kind with many other records that emerged from the singer-songwriter movement. On the other hand "Mr Soul" was pure rock and roll, driven by a fat guitar riff that owed more than a little to the Rolling Stones' "Satisfaction". "Broken Arrow" was a lushly produced ballad, with a string arrangement of the kind Young's producer, Jack Nitzsche, would dub "symphonic pop." Along with country music, Young's solo career would tend to flit among these disparate forms.

By 1968, the band had split up permanently. Due to contractual obligations, a final album Last Time Around, comprised of previously unused recordings, was released. At this point, Young had already signed a solo deal with Reprise Records (home of his compatriot, Joni Mitchell, with whom he shared a manager, Elliot Roberts).

Breakthrough
Neil Young (1969)Young and Nitzsche immediately began work on Young's first solo record, Neil Young (January 1969), which contained a mix of songs similar to his Buffalo Springfield contributions; it received mixed reviews. The album is a promising debut; the track "The Loner" is still a staple of his live shows. Wanting a harder rock sound for his next record, Young recruited a few members of the band The Rockets, which had released a self-titled album in 1968.

Danny Whitten, guitar; Billy Talbot, bass guitar; and Ralph Molina, drums took the name Crazy Horse (after the historical figure of the same name). Their album Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (May 1969), credited to "Neil Young with Crazy Horse", was recorded in just two weeks. The album is dominated by two lengthy jams, "Cowgirl in the Sand" and "Down by the River", both of which showcased the understanding between the musicians and Young's idiosyncratic guitar soloing.

Shortly after the release of Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere, Young was recruited to join the supergroup Crosby, Stills, and Nash which became Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young with Neil on board. Over the next year with CSNY, he performed at Woodstock and recorded the classic album Deja Vu (1970) and the live Four Way Street (1971). Young's song "Ohio", a single released shortly after the Deja Vu album, was written following the Kent State University killings that happened on May 4, 1970. The song was used frequently during anti-war rallies in the 1970s, and Young was still performing it 20 years later, by which time he often dedicated it to the Chinese students who had been killed at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

Crazy Horse, and Whitten in particular, were also in evidence on Young's next solo album, After the Gold Rush (1970), (which also featured the young Nils Lofgren as well as Stills and CSNY bassist Greg Reeves). The album was a commercial breakthrough, aided by his newfound fame in CSNY. The album contains some of his best work, covering subjects from the environmental concerns of the title track, redneck racism on "Southern Man" (which, along with the later song "Alabama", prompted the reply "Sweet Home Alabama" from Lynyrd Skynyrd) to the acoustic love songs of "Tell Me Why" and "I Believe in You." The single "Only Love Can Break Your Heart" was a minor hit.

Neil Young in 1970With CSNY splitting up and Crazy Horse signing their own record deal, Young recruited a new group of country-music session musicians, whom he christened The Stray Gators, and recorded a country rock record in Harvest (1972). Catching the mood that would soon lift the Eagles to superstardom, Harvest was a massive hit, producing the US number one single "Heart of Gold." Other songs returned to some usual Young themes: "Alabama" expressed similar sentiments to "Southern Man", "Words" featured a lengthy guitar workout with the band, and "The Needle and the Damage Done" chronicled Danny Whitten's descent into heroin addiction. The album's success caught Young off guard, and his first instinct was to back away from stardom. He would later write that "'Heart of Gold' put me in the middle of the road. Traveling there soon became a bore, so I headed for the ditch. A rougher ride but I saw more interesting people there."

On 8 September 1972, the Academy Award-nominated actress Carrie Snodgress gave birth to Neil Young's first child. The boy, Zeke Young, would later be diagnosed with cerebral palsy. The relationship with Snodgress lasted until 1975.

From folk to rock
During the rehearsals for the tour that would produce the Time Fades Away live album, it became evident that Danny Whitten could not function as a musician due to his drug abuse. On November 18, 1972, shortly after he was fired from the tour preparations, Whitten was found dead of an overdose of valium and alcohol, a lethal combination that he had always warned his friends against, prompting thoughts that it might have been suicide.

In the second half of 1973, Young formed The Santa Monica Flyers, with Crazy Horse's rhythm section augmented by Lofgren on guitar. Deeply affected by the drug-induced deaths of Whitten and roadie Bruce Berry, they recorded Tonight's the Night in 1973, a dark, maudlin record of unhinged blues and out-of-tune ballads that Reprise did not see fit to release until two years later. The album received mixed reviews at the time, but it is now generally well regarded by critics and seen by some as a precursor to punk rock. In Young's own opinion, it was the closest he ever came to art.

By the time Tonight's the Night was released, Young had also recorded On the Beach (1974), another blues-influenced record but more focused, based loosely around the theme of the downside of fame and the Californian lifestyle. Like Tonight's the Night it sold poorly, but both would become critical favourites and may represent Young's most original work. A review by Derek Svennungsen of the 2004 CD re-release calls it "mesmerizing, harrowing, lucid, and bleary". [1] The mood of these albums was reflected in the tour for Tonight's the Night, a drunken and frequently shambolic affair that divides fans to this day.

Young reformed Crazy Horse as his backup band, this time with Frank Sampedro on guitar for 1975's Zuma. A return to the hard rock of Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere, its songs mainly concerned failed relationships, with an exception being "Cortez the Killer", a retelling of the Spanish conquest of South America from the viewpoint of the Aztecs that caused the record to be banned in Franco's Spain. The next year he reunited with Stephen Stills for the album Long May You Run, credited to the Stills-Young band, but the accompanying concerts were cancelled mid-tour when Young walked out, later sending Stills a telegram that read: "Funny how some things that start spontaneously end that way. Eat a peach, Neil."

In 1976, Young performed with The Band, Joni Mitchell, and other rock musicians in the high profile all-star concert The Last Waltz. The release of Martin Scorsese's movie of the concert was delayed while Scorsese unwillingly re-edited it to deemphasise the lump of cocaine clearly visible hanging from Young's nose during his performance of "Helpless".

Experimental years
Like many rock stars of the '60s and '70s, the 1980s were a lean time for Young both critically and commercially as he struggled to remain relevant. After providing the incidental music to the film Where The Buffalo Roam, a biopic of Hunter S. Thompson, he recorded Hawks and Doves (1980), a folk/country record in step with his public—and surprising—support for Ronald Reagan.

Re-ac-tor (1981) was another set with Crazy Horse, with a mask of distortion and feedback obscuring a relatively weak selection of songs, but his strangest record of the decade came with 1982's Trans. Recorded almost entirely electronically with the instruments and vocals modified by effects such as vocoder and a reliance on synthesizers, it is often considered Young's attempt to experiment with technology that might give his son Ben, who has severe cerebral palsy and cannot speak, a way to communicate. (In 1986, Young and wife Pegi would help found The Bridge School [2], and they continue to support it with an annual benefit concert). Fans, however, were baffled and the album, along with 1983's rockabilly-styled Everybody's Rockin' would lead record company head David Geffen to sue Young for making "unrepresentative" music (i.e. suing Young for not sounding like Neil Young). There has been speculation Young deliberately made a record that diverged from his classic sound because he was unhappy with Geffen, and that he knew fairly well that he was releasing an uncommercial record.

Old Ways (1985) saw a return to country music, recorded with a group of friends and session musicians, Landing on Water (1986) is entertaining as Neil uses synthesizers and other instruments related to the 80's and blends them with his own style, he does not use them over abundantly, but nevertheless it is obviously the 80's. Young would later claim that he had grown so angry with Geffen that he was now producing music purely to watch it anger the bosses at Geffen Records. Even the resumption of his partnership with Crazy Horse on 1987's Life failed to raise him from the artistic doldrums. It was, however, enough to fulfill his contract with Geffen and enable him to switch labels.

Signing for Warner Brothers and returning to Reprise Records, Young produced This Note's for You (1988) with a new band, The Bluenotes, whose name rights were owned by musician Harold Melvin. The addition of a brass section provided a new jazzier sound and the title track became his first hit single of the decade. Accompanied by a witty video which parodied corporate rock, the pretensions of advertising and Michael Jackson in particular, the song was initially banned by MTV (although the Canadian music channel, MuchMusic ran it immediately) before being put into heavy rotation and finally given the MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year for 1989. Strangely, there were sound problems during Young's acceptance speech.

As a result of the album's release, Melvin himself sued Young over use of the Bluenotes name. Following the lawsuit, Young renamed his back-up group "Ten Men Workin'" for the balance of the accompanying concert tour that followed. In something of a renaissance, Young also provided a few highlights on that year's CSNY reunion American Dream, though tensions with the band were always high.

Back to country-rock roots
Freedom completed the return to form, a mixture of acoustic and electric rock dealing with the state of the US and the world in 1989, alongside Young's best love songs for some time and a version of the standard "On Broadway". "Rockin' in the Free World", two versions of which bookended the album, again caught the mood (becoming a de facto anthem during the fall of the Berlin Wall, a few months after the record's release). Like Bruce Springsteen's "Born in the USA", the anthemic use of this song was based on largely ignoring the verses, which evoke social problems and implicitly criticize American government policies. By 1990, grunge music was beginning to make its first inroads in the charts and many of its prime movers, including Nirvana's Kurt Cobain, were citing Young as an influence, which led elements of the press to give him the somewhat dubious title "The Godfather of Grunge".

Weld (1991)Using a barn on his Northern California ranch as a studio, he rapidly recorded the aptly titled Ragged Glory with Crazy Horse, whose guitar riffs and feedback driven sound showed his new admirers that he could still cut it. Though the music was not quite as intense as the actual grunge bands themselves, no one could mistake Young's "Country Home" for "Smells Like Teen Spirit". Young then headed back out on the road with alternative rock elder statesmen Sonic Youth as support. Their influence could be clearly heard on the accompanying home video and live album, Weld, which also included a bonus CD entitled Arc, a single 35-minute-long collage which consisted mostly of feedback and guitar noise. Arc was later sold separately.

Typically, Young's next move was another return to country music. Harvest Moon (1992) was the long awaited sequel to Harvest and reunited him with some of the musicians from that session, including Linda Ronstadt. Despite being out of step with fashion again, the title track was a minor hit and the record was reviewed well, and sold equally well, containing fine songs such as "From Hank to Hendrix" and "Unknown Legend", a tribute to his wife, and his resurgent popularity saw him booked on MTV Unplugged in 1993. That year, he contributed music to the soundtrack of the Jonathan Demme movie Philadelphia, and his song "Philadelphia" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song, losing out to Bruce Springsteen's contribution to the same film. A summer tour covering both Europe and North America with Booker T. and the MGs (with whom he played two songs at a 1992 Bob Dylan tribute concert at Madison Square Garden) was widely praised as a triumph. On a few of these dates, the show ended with a rendition of "Rockin' in the Free World" played with Pearl Jam.

Young was back with Crazy Horse for 1994's Sleeps with Angels, a much darker record. The title track told the story of Kurt Cobain's suicide, after Young had tried to contact the singer prior to his death. Cobain had quoted Young's "It's better to burn out than fade away" (a line from "Hey Hey, My My (Into The Black)") in his suicide note. Other songs dealt with drive-by killings ("Driveby"), environmentalism ("Piece of Crap") and Young's own vision of America (the archetypal car metaphor of "Trans Am"). Still admired by the prime movers of grunge, Young performed with Pearl Jam at the MTV Music Awards, which led to a joint tour, with the band and producer Brendan O'Brien backing Young. The accompanying album, Mirror Ball (1995), recorded as live in the studio captured their loose rock sound.

After composing an abstract, distorted feedback-led guitar instrumental soundtrack to the Jim Jarmusch film Dead Man Young recorded a series of loose jams with Crazy Horse that eventually appeared as the disappointing Broken Arrow. This return to Crazy Horse was prompted by the death of mentor, friend, and long time producer David Briggs in late 1995. The subsequent tours of Europe and North America in 1996 resulted in both a live album and a tour documentary directed by Jim Jarmusch. Both releases took the name Year of the Horse.

The decade ended with Looking Forward, another reunion with Crosby, Stills and Nash. The subsequent tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed super quartet was a huge success and brought in earnings of $42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000.

Neil's next album, the subtle, understated, acoustic Silver & Gold (2000), was a marked improvement. It was also his most personal record for a long time, which he underscored with a mini-tour of mesmerizing solo acoustic shows. He continued his trend towards personal music with Are You Passionate? (2002), an album of love songs dedicated to his wife, Pegi.

In the aftermath of 9/11
Young's 2001 single "Let's Roll", was a tribute to the victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks, and the passengers and crew on Flight 93 in particular. At the America: A Tribute to Heroes concert he performed a cover version of John Lennon's "Imagine".

Young hauled out his concept album Greendale in 2003 -- about an extended family in a small town called Greendale, and how they're torn apart by a murder. Greendale, the album version of which was recorded with Crazy Horse members Billy Talbot and Ralph Molina. Greendale chronicles the saga of an extended family in the town of Greendale torn apart by a murder. This tale of the Green family also resulted in a movie called Greendale, written and directed by Neil Young (again using his "Bernard Shakey" pseudonym) and starring a few of his friends that act out and lip sync the songs from the album. Learning more about the narrative -- whether it's through the simultaneously released DVD of the Young-directed film Greendale, hearing his rambling on-stage between-song narratives, or reading apparent transcriptions of these ramblings in the liner notes -- illuminates the story slightly, even as declarations like "When I was writing this I had no idea what I was doing, so I was just as surprised as you are" emphasize the suspicion that there's not much meaning in the whole enterprise.

All this doesn't really matter because Greendale works as a record. Young toured extensively with the Greendale material throughout 2003 and 2004, first with a solo, acoustic version in Europe, then with a full-cast stage show in North America, Japan, and Australia. While audience reaction was sometimes mixed (drunken requests for "Southern Man" being an aesthetic impediment at most Young performances), the live stage version of Greendale was for many critics the most satisfying incarnation of the material, and bootlegs of the shows have been widely traded. The second half of each concert consisted of high-decibel renditions of Young classics such as "Hey Hey, My My," "Cinnamon Girl," "Powderfinger," and "Rockin in the Free World," as well as rarities such as "The Losing End," "The Old Country Waltz," and "Danger Bird."

Young spent the latter portion of 2004 giving a series of intimate acoustic concerts in various cities with his wife, Pegi, who is a trained vocalist. Reports out of the Young camp in early 2005 had him booking time in a Northern California recording studio to work on material that is a closely held secret.

In 2002, Q magazine named Neil Young in their list of the "50 Bands To See Before You Die."

Health scare, recovery, and Prairie Wind
On March 31, 2005, Young was admitted to a hospital in New York for treatment for a brain aneurysm. He was treated successfully by a minimally invasive neuroradiology procedure. Prior to undergoing the procedure, he wrote and recorded an entire new album, Prairie Wind, in Nashville, with session musicians that included regular Young sideman Ben Keith on lap and pedal steel guitars. Many of the songs seem to be inspired by Young's brush with mortality. Two days after the procedure, Young was forced to cancel a scheduled appearance on the Juno Awards telecast when the area where the surgeons did his procedure (via the femoral artery) suddenly began to bleed.

He next performed on July 2, 2005, at the close of the Live 8 concert outside of Toronto. He presented a new song, a soft hymn called "When God Made Me," and ended with "Rockin' In The Free World."

On September 28, 2005, Prairie Wind was released as a regular CD, a special limited-edition CD and DVD package, and on vinyl. In an interview given to Time magazine, Young revealed that he had planned to keep the news of his aneurysm private until he had the bleeding scare, in which case he decided to make news of his condition public.

Other achievements
Young was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1982. He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice: first in 1995 for his solo work and again in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield.

He has also directed three movies under his pseudonym Bernard Shakey, and released them through his own Shakey Pictures imprint: Journey Through the Past (1974), Human Highway (1982) (starring new wave band Devo), and Greendale (2003). The bonus DVDs included in both versions of Greendale and in Prairie Wind are also directed by Young under the Bernard Shakey alias, and all of Young's home video and DVD releases have been co-released under the Shakey Pictures imprint.

As one of the founders of Farm Aid, he remains on their board of directors. For one weekend each October, in Mountain View, California, he and his wife host the Bridge School Concerts, which have been drawing international talent and sell-out crowds for nearly two decades. The concerts are a benefit for the Bridge School, which develops and uses advanced technologies to aid in the instruction of handicapped children.

Young owns Vapor Records, who have signed such artists as Jonathan Richman, Tegan and Sara and Catatonia. Since 1995 he has been part owner of Lionel, LLC, a company that makes toy trains and railroads.

In a "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" list in the June 1996 issue of Mojo magazine, Young was ranked number 9.

Discography

In Buffalo Springfield

1967 Buffalo Springfield

1967 Buffalo Springfield Again

1968 Last Time Around

1973 Buffalo Springfield (2 LP compilation)

2001 Box Set

In Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young

1970 Dйjа Vu

1971 Four Way Street

1974 So Far

1988 American Dream

1999 Looking Forward

Solo
1969 Neil Young

1969 Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (with Crazy Horse)

1970 After the Gold Rush

1972 Harvest (with The Stray Gators)

1972 Journey Through the Past

1973 Time Fades Away (with The Stray Gators)

1973 Tonight's the Night (with The Santa Monica Flyers, release delayed until 1975)

1974 On the Beach

1975 Zuma (with Crazy Horse)

1976 Long May You Run (with Stephen Stills, the "Stills-Young Band")

1977 American Stars'n'Bars

1977 Decade

1978 Comes A Time

1979 Rust Never Sleeps (with Crazy Horse, new songs)

1979 Live Rust (live with Crazy Horse)

1980 Where the Buffalo Roam

1980 Hawks & Doves

1981 Re-ac-tor (with Crazy Horse)

1982 Trans

1983 Everybody's Rockin' (with Shocking Pinks)

1985 Old Ways

1986 Landing on Water

1987 Life (with Crazy Horse)

1988 This Note's For You (with The Bluenotes)

1989 Eldorado (EP) (with The Restless)

1989 Freedom

1990 Ragged Glory (with Crazy Horse)

1991 Weld (live with Crazy Horse)

1991 Arc (live with Crazy Horse)

1992 Harvest Moon

1993 Lucky Thirteen

1993 Unplugged

1994 Sleeps With Angels (with Crazy Horse)

1995 Mirror Ball (with Pearl Jam)

1996 Dead Man (soundtrack album)

1996 Broken Arrow (with Crazy Horse)

1997 Year of the Horse (live album with Crazy Horse)

2000 Silver & Gold

2000 Road Rock Vol. 1

2002 Are You Passionate? (with Booker T. & the M.G.'s)

2003 Greendale (with Crazy Horse)

2004 Greatest Hits

2005 Prairie Wind

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